リサーチ・レファレンス
2008年米国一般選挙 - 2008年11月4日
米国の大統領選挙は、通常選挙の年のアイオワ州党員集会（今年は1月3日）を皮切りに正式に始まるが、候補者は、少なくとも1年前から指名獲得に向けて選挙運動をはじめ、11月の第1月曜日の翌日の火曜日の、本選挙までの長い道のりを戦い抜く。下記の地図で、各州の予備選挙が１,２月に集中して行われることがわかる。
ほとんどの州は11月の中間選挙に むけて予選が行われる。 (© AP Images) |
予備選挙(プライマリー)は州レベルで行われ、登録党員が党を代表する候補者を選ぶ。 党員集会（コーカス）は候補者への支援を決めるための、登録党員の投票区レベルの集会。投票区レベルでの投票結果は、州全体を基盤として組み合わされ、州レベルでの党の候補者を決定する。 |
2004年12月、コルンブスの州会議事堂 で開かれた投票式で、オハイオ州の 選挙人団代表団が投票の確認を 行っている。 (© AP Images/ Will Shilling) |
合衆国憲法によると、大統領は、州の投票人の意思を代表する州ごとに選ばれた選挙人によって構成される選挙人団によって選ばれる。 各州の選挙人の一団は、議員の数と同数である。一般的に、すべての州の選挙人はそれぞれの州で過半数の票を勝ち取った候補者に票を投じる。大統領に選出されるためには、選挙人団の538票のうち、最低270票を勝ちとらなければならない。 |
・2004年の米国大統領選挙「米国の選挙人団」
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合衆国憲法には政党に対する規定はない。政党は国家が成長するにつれ独自に発展を遂げ、1830年代までには、政治環境のなかで一つの定着した機関となった。 今日、共和党と民主党が二つの主要な政党である。1860年代以来、米国の政治に著しい影響を与えている。そして、1852年以来、大統領はいずれかの党から出ている。 |
「ヘルプ・アメリカ・ボート・アクト」の 要請にしたがって、新技術は障害を 持つ人の投票を手助けしている。 (© AP Images/Home News Tribune/ Keith Muccilli) |
2000年の大統領選挙問題の後、連邦議会は、州に投票システムの近代化を図るための基金を提供し、選挙管理に最低限の基準を求める「ヘルプ・アメリカ・ボート・アクト(HAVA) 」法を通した。 これは、大統領選挙を含め、すべての選挙が地方で管理されているために、重要な法律である。多くの州は既にこれらの新しい基準を実行に移している。2008年の選挙では更なる変更も予定されている。 |
New Tools Encourage Americans To Exercise Right to Vote （英語）
現在、共和党と民主党の大統領候補指名競争に名乗りを上げている有力な候補者一覧
| 民主党候補者 | ||||
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ヒラリー・ クリントン 経歴 |
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バラク・ オバマ 経歴 | |
| 共和党候補者 | ||||
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ジョン・ マケイン 経歴 |
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大統領選挙指名候補の主要な論点
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E-ジャーナルUSAシリーズのこの号は、来るべき2008年一般選挙の紹介を載せています。この選挙では、米国の有権者は大統領、副大統領、連邦議会議員、州と地方議員を選ぶ機会が与えられ、住民投票に参加できます。このE-ジャーナルでは、選挙人団についての賛否両論の論議を含めた、最近の選挙の状況を変える今回の選挙の幾つかの側面を描いている。 |
選挙情報一般
2008 U.S. Elections: Guide to the 2008 Elections (U.S. Department of State)
INFORMATION USA: Resources on elections in the United States (U.S. Department of State)
The Center for Voting and Democracy
This organization works to ensure everyone has access to voting.
The Center for Voting and Democracy – The Electoral College
This page describes how the system works and challenges it faces today.
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: U.S. Electoral College
This agency provides important facts and teaching resources about the Electoral College.
The Electoral College (U.S. Department of State)
Commission on Presidential Debates
This commission determines the schedule and format of presidential debates.
Council on Foreign Relations: Campaign 2008
Foreign policy experts cover the U.S. presidential campaign
Election 2008: Primary, Caucus, and Convention Phase
This site tracks the voting process during the primary and caucus season.
Ohio State University, Election Law @ Moritz
This site follows the latest developments in states' election laws.
Politics1 – Presidency2008
This nonpartisan Web site helps inform Americans about the candidates.
Project Vote Smart
This nonpartisan organization tracks candidates' stances on key issues.
Real Clear Politics
This site gathers and publishes the nation's latest political polls and commentary.
Rock the Vote
The nonpartisan organization encourages young people to vote.
U.S. Election Assistance Commission
This independent bipartisan commission is charged with implementing voting guidelines established in the Help America Vote Act of 2002.
U.S. Federal Election Commission
The government entity enforces U.S. electoral laws.
United States Politics and Elections
This site lists relevant Web sites that provide information about elections.
You Choose ‘08
This webpage provides links to the candidates' YouTube videos.
e-democracy: Political News, Information and Links
This nonpartisan organization works to encourage more people to be involved in the democratic process.
United States Election Assistance Commission: The National Voter Registration Act
League of Women Voters
This nonpartisan grassroots organization helps candidates and voters.
Center for American Women and Politics
This center researches the role of women in American politics.
Declare Yourself
This nonpartisan organization encourages young people to vote.
Pew Hispanic Center -- Politics
This center researches issues important to Hispanic voters.
政党関連
Early Primaries and Caucuses Shape Presidential Hopefuls’ Odds
Political Parties in the United States
Democratic National Committee
This is the primary Web site for the Democratic Party.
The 2008 Democratic National Convention
This site provides the latest information about the convention that will be held August 25-28, 2008, in Denver.
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
This committee helps Democratic candidates for Congress.
Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
This committee helps Democratic candidates for the Senate.
Republican National Committee
This is the primary Web site for the Republican Party.
The 2008 Republican National Convention
This site provides the latest information about the convention that will be held September 1-4, 2008, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
National Republican Congressional Committee
This committee helps Republican candidates for Congress.
National Republican Senatorial Committee
This committee helps Republican candidates for Senate.
選挙資金関連
The Campaign Finance Institute: Studies on campaign financing
Campaign Guide for Congressional Candidates and Committees
Center for Responsive Politics
This nonpartisan organization tracks money spent in politics.
Combined Federal/State Disclosure And Election Directory 2007
This directory provides links to states' financial disclosure rules Web sites.
CQ MoneyLine
This site maintained by Congressional Quarterly tracks candidates’ and parties' campaign spending.
Huffington Post’s Fundrace 2008
This site allows people to search a database of campaign donors.
PACronyms
This site provides a list of political action committees.
メディア関連
ABC News -- Politics
The latest headlines, a blog and video
CNN Election Center 2008
Information on the candidates and their views on key issues
The Cook Political Report
Analysis of local and federal campaigns
Fox News – You Decide 2008
Summary of candidates’ positions and links to the latest polls
MSNBC -- Politics
News and video on the presidential campaign
The New Republic: Campaign 2008
A daily blog discussing the campaign
The Politico, Politics ‘08
Detailed news and gossip from the campaign trail
The Hill
News on presidential and congressional politics
The New York Times -- Politics
News and interactive graphics on political issues, campaigns and finances.
The Washington Post Campaign Tracker
Reports on candidates’ campaign appearances across the country
The Washington Post -- Politics Elections
News, webchats and blogs about the presidential campaign
The Washington Post, Primaries map
An interactive map about the state primaries
Washington Post.com, "The Trail"
A blog about the latest events in the presidential campaign
The Washington Times -- Election
News and political commentary
世論調査
ABC News Polling Unit
Polls and blogs on a variety of topics
CBS News Polls
Video and links to the latest political polls
Electoral Vote
Maps showing which states favor which party.
The Gallup Poll Election 2008
Data on both issues and candidates from one of the best-known polling organizations
Los Angeles Times Poll
Polls on issues and candidates
The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
Polls on a variety of social and political issues
The Polling Report – Election 2008
Polls on the presidential and congressional elections
Public Agenda
Information on what the public thinks of its leaders
Quinnipiac University National Polls
Polls on a variety of issues.
Rasmussen Reports
Links to a variety of polls and commentary.
The Washington Post - ABC News polls
Variety of materials, including a blog that explains polls' findings
Zogby International
Information on a variety of topics from one of the best-known polling organizations
キッズ・サイト
Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government for Kids: Election Process
This Library of Congress site explains how Americans pick their leaders.
CNN Student News
This site offer news for children and learning projects.
PBS Kids The Democracy Project
This interactive Web site teaches how Americans vote.
Scholastic News: Election 2008
This site posts news for kids, reported by kids.
(Distributed by the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Web site: http://usinfo.state.gov)
